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This guide is intended to be used by doctors, senior nurses and other senior health workers responsible for the care of young children at the first referral level in developing countries. These guidelines focus on the inpatient management of the major causes of childhood mortality, such as pneumonia, diarrhea, severe malnutrition, malaria, meningitis, measles and related conditions as well as management of HIV infection and surgical management. This guide is part of a series of documents and tools that support the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI).